《智能电网：通过科技投资推动减碳》

May 2023Powering decarbonisation through technology investmentSmarter Gridskpmg.com/cnContentsSmarter Grids – powering decarbonisation through technology investment2© 2023 KPMG Advisory (Hong Kong) Limited, a Hong Kong (SAR) limited liability company and a member firm of the KPMG global organisation of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Limited, a private English company limited by guarantee. All rights reserved.Foreword03Executive summary0408IntroductionPart 1: Smart grid technology121. What makes a grid smart?122. Strategy and implementation20Part 2: Case studies: Markets and regulations enabling smart grid investment221. China – Vertically integrated electricity market232. United Kingdom – Liberalised electricity market303. United States – Hybrid electricity market 36Key considerations for stakeholders44Conclusion47References4854About KPMG China56Acknowledgments57Guide to abbreviationsForewordWei LinPartner, Head of Environmental, Social and GovernanceKPMG ChinaEbele Angela OnyeaboAssociate Director,Climate and Sustainability KPMG ChinaAngus ChoiPartner, ESG AdvisoryKPMG ChinaEnergy transition is a critical imperative facing countries as they chart a course towards actualising their net zero ambitions. In the short term, energy security continues to be an important issue amid an inflationary economy and ongoing geopolitical uncertainties. In the medium to long term, countries need to address the energy trilemma of security, affordability and sustainability. Energy independence and the need to decarbonise the economy by transitioning from fossil fuels is a key policy and business opportunity driver. Many countries not only have strategic roadmaps for expanding renewable energy generation, but they are also charting pathways for alternate energy options including green hydrogen and energy storage. These changes have contributed to the renewed urgency to strengthen the grid. Reducing the carbon intensity of electricity generation and consumption requires additional action beyond renewable energy integration. The introduction of advanced technologies allows the grid to run more efficiently. Improved efficiency means less electricity is deployed towards satisfying the same energy demand profile. This in turn leads to emission reduction from power generation. The integration of smart technologies into the grid system, such as artificial intelligence-based data aggregation, is at the core of smart demand-side management and power decentralisation. The electric power industry is now catching up to the level of digital transformation that has permeated the communications industry due to the integration of advanced communication systems into the grid. This technology forms the bedrock of the smart grid revolution, allowing the grid to adapt quickly to the growing diversity and disparity in the energy mix across continents. Billions of dollars are being invested in smart electricity grids, including in the research and developm