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i Health Care Access Come Rain or Shine: A Multifactorial Accessibility Study of Public Primary Health Care in Indonesia Lander Bosch Andries Heyns Zelalem Debebe November 2025 Health, Nutrition and Population (HNP) Public Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure Authorized ii © 2025 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank   1818 H Street NW   Washington DC 20433   Telephone: 202-473-1000   Internet: www.worldbank.org   ATTRIBUTION Please cite the work as follows: Lander Bosch, A. Heyns, and Z. Debebe. 2025. Health Care Access Come Rain or Shine: A Multifactorial Accessibility Study of Public Primary Health Care in Indonesia. Washington DC: World Bank. This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent.   The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or currency of the data included in this work and does not assume responsibility for any errors, omissions, or discrepancies in the information, or liability with respect to the use of or failure to use the information, methods, processes, or conclusions set forth. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.   Nothing herein shall constitute or be construed or considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved.  RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given.    Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org.   iii Health, Nutrition, and Population Discussion Paper HEALTH CARE ACCESS COME RAIN OR SHINE: A MULTIFACTORIAL ACCESSIBILITY STUDY OF PUBLIC PRIMARY HEALTH CARE IN INDONESIA Lander Bosch1, Andries Heyns2, and Zelalem Debebe3 1 Economist, East Asia and the Pacific Region, World Bank 2 Consultant, East Asia and the Pacific Region, World Bank; Geospatial Consultant, Medecins sans Frontieres UK/Ireland 3 Senior Economist, East Africa Region, World Bank This paper was prepared for the World Bank’s Health, Nutrition, and Population Global Practice under the Advisory Services and Analytics (ASA) “Reforms to Strengthen Universal Health Coverage in Indonesia” and supported by the Gates Foun