IMF-支持连接受限的中央银行数字货币的技术解决方案：现有方法综述（英）

NOTE/2025/005 Technology Solutions to Support Central Bank Digital Currency with Limited Connectivity A Review of Existing Approaches Herve Tourpe, John Kiff, Majid Malaika, and Chris Ostrowski FINTECH NOTE Technology Solutions to Support Central Bank Digital Currency with Limited Connectivity A Review of Existing Approaches Prepared by Herve Tourpe, John Kiff, Majid Malaika, and Chris Ostrowski August 2025 ©2025 International Monetary Fund Technology Solutions to Support Central Bank Digital Currency with Limited Connectivity: Review of Existing Approaches Note 2025/005 Prepared by Herve Tourpe, John Kiff+, Majid Malaika, Chris Ostrowski* Cataloging-in-Publication Data IMF Library Names: Tourpe, Herve, author. | Kiff, John, author. | Malaika, Majid, author. | Ostrowski, Christopher Michael, author. | International Monetary Fund, publisher. Title: Technology solutions to support central bank digital currency with limited connectivity : review of existing approaches / Herve Tourpe, John Kiff, Majid Malaika, and Chris Ostrowski. Other titles: Technology solutions to support CBDC with limited connectivity. | Fintech note. Description: Washington, DC : International Monetary Fund, 2025. | Aug. 2025. | NOTE/2025/005. | Includes bibliographical references. Identifiers: ISBN: 9798229017435 (paper) 9798229018838 (ePub) 9798229018951 (WebPDF) Subjects: LCSH: Digital currency—Case studies. | Digital currency—Technological innovations. Classification: HG1710.T6 2025 DISCLAIMER: Fintech Notes offer practical advice from IMF staff members to policymakers on important issues. The views expressed in Fintech Notes are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the IMF, its Executive Board, or IMF management. RECOMMENDED CITATION: Tourpe, Herve, John Kiff, Majid Malaika, and Chris Ostrowski. 2025. “Technology Solutions to Support Central Bank Digital Currency with Limited Connectivity: Review of Existing Approaches.” IMF Fintech Note 2025/005, International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC. Publication orders may be placed online or through the mail: International Monetary Fund, Publication Services P.O. Box 92780, Washington, DC 20090, U.S.A. T. +(1) 202.623.7430 publications@IMF.org IMFbookstore.org elibrary.IMF.org +Both John Kiff and Chris Ostrowski are from SODA Services Ltd, a UK-based consultancy specializing in digital money. *This note benefited from comments and contributions from Jérôme Ajdenbaum, Andrea Alvarez, Elli Androulaki, Shiri Band, David Birch, Asaf David-Margalit, Lauren Del Giudice, Ben Dovey, Jérôme Duperrut, Razvan Dragomirescu, Jerome Duperrut, John Fagan, Bertrand Foing, Judith Garcia, Lars Hupel, Thomas Kudrycki, Hugues Marie, Alain Martin, Cyrus Minwalla, Frederic Rebours, Jeff Rubon, Gabe Ruhan, Danny Russell, Joachim Samuelsson, Leon Schumacher, Beju Shah, Yoav Soffer, Emerson Tan, Cedric Wahl, Nir Yaacobi, and William Zhang. Contents Abbreviation