联合国贸易发展委员会-电池化学成分的变化及其对关键矿物供应链的影响（英）

U NI T E D NAT I O NS CO NFE R E N C E ON T R A D E A N D D E VE L OP M E N TTechnical and statistical reportChanging battery chemistries and implications for critical minerals supply chainsGeneva, 2025© Shutterstockii© 2025, United Nations All rights reserved worldwide Requests to reproduce excerpts or to photocopy should be addressed to the Copyright Clearance Center at copyright.com. All other queries on rights and licences, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to: United Nations Publications405 East 42nd StreetNew York, New York 10017United States of AmericaEmail: publications@un.orgWebsite: https://shop.un.orgThe designations employed and the presentation of material on any map in this work do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Mention of any firm or licensed process does not imply the endorsement of the United Nations. This publication has not been formally edited. United Nations publication issued by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNCTAD/DITC/COM/2025/1ISBN: 978-92-1003228-5 eISBN: 978-92-1106645-6 Sales No. E.24.II.D.20Changing battery chemistries and implications for critical minerals supply chainsiiiAcknowledgementsThis report was prepared, under the overall guidance of Luz Maria De La Mora, Director of the Division on International Trade and Commodities of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), by a team led by Rachid Amui, under supervision of Clovis Freire, and with research inputs from Sofia Dominguez and Chengcheng Yan and Cosimo Frontera (UNCTAD Interns) and Arthur Magro (UNCTAD Consultant). The cover design was undertaken by the UNCTAD Communication and External Relations Section and desktop publishing, by Danièle Boglio of the Commodities Branch of the Division on International Trade and Commodities. For further information about this publication, please contact the Commodities Branch, UNCTAD, Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland, tel. 00 41 22 917 62 86, email: commodities@unctad.org.Changing battery chemistries and implications for critical minerals supply chainsivAbbreviationsºC .............degrees CelsiusEV ............electric vehicleGHG .........greenhouse gaskWh ..........kilowatt hourLCO .........lithium cobalt oxideLFP ..........lithium iron phosphateLi-S ..........lithium-sulfurLIB ...........lithium-ion batteryLMB .........liquid-metal batteryLMO .........lithium manganese oxideMAB .........metal-air batteryMIB ..........metal-ion batteryNCA .........nickel cobalt aluminium oxideNMC ........nickel manganese cobaltPV ............solar photovoltaicsR&D .........research and developmentRFB ..........redox flow batterySIB ...........sodium-ion batterySSB ..........solid-state batteryUNCTAD...United Nations Conference on Trade and DevelopmentU