世界经济论坛-确保能源转型的矿产安全：通过政策、投资和创新解锁价值链（英）

Securing Minerals for the Energy Transition: Unlocking the Value Chain through Policy, Investment and InnovationW H I T E P A P E RS E P T E M B E R 2 0 2 4In collaboration withMcKinsey & CompanyImages: Getty ImagesDisclaimer This document is published by the World Economic Forum as a contribution to a project, insight area or interaction. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are a result of a collaborative process facilitated and endorsed by the World Economic Forum but whose results do not necessarily represent the views of the World Economic Forum, nor the entirety of its Members, Partners or other stakeholders.© 2024 World Economic Forum. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system.ContentsForeword 3Executive summary 4Introduction 51 Barriers to investment and innovation 81.1 Financial barriers and risks 81.2 Barriers in the enabling enviroment 91.3 Cross cutting barriers 112 Unlocks for the supply-demand imbalance 122.1 Direct and indirect financial support 122.2 Improvements to the enabling enviroment 132.3 Stakeholder collaboration 15Next steps 16Contributors 18Endnotes 19Securing Minerals for the Energy Transition2ForewordSecuring the critical materials needed to enable the net-zero transition is fundamental to achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement. The balance between the supply and demand of critical materials involves managing supply chain disruptions, long lead times between exploration and production, complex orebodies, surges in commercial needs and the concentration of supply in some geographies. Despite recent progress in boosting the production of certain materials, supply shortages are still anticipated for many of the critical minerals and metals necessary to produce the lower-carbon technologies that are key to the energy transition. This could mitigate nations’ ability to decarbonize their economies.Global leaders have acknowledged the need to secure the critical materials supply chain, as the consequences of inaction have the potential to extend beyond the low-carbon transition and mining ecosystem to encompass geopolitical, economic and environmental considerations. Consequently, several global and local initiatives have been established to provide technical assistance, promote industry standardization and share knowledge through research and analysis.In 2023, the World Economic Forum’s Securing Minerals for the Energy Transition (SMET) initiative was launched with the support of McKinsey & Company to raise awareness and encourage collaboration on innovative and enabling solutions that help close the critical materials supply-demand gap. In a previous paper, SMET discussed the risks of inaction along with collaborative risk management solutions.This paper explores various approaches for unlocking critical materials supply. It ide