世界经济论坛-缩小健康差距：基于地点的有效变革指南（英）

Closing Health Gaps through Collaborative ActionW H I T E P A P E RS E P T E M B E R 2 0 2 4A G U I D E T O I M P A C T F U L P L A C E - B A S E D C H A N G EIn collaboration with DeloitteImages: Getty Images© 2024 World Economic Forum. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system.Disclaimer This document is published by the World Economic Forum as a contribution to a project, insight area or interaction. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are a result of a collaborative process facilitated and endorsed by the World Economic Forum but whose results do not necessarily represent the views of the World Economic Forum, nor the entirety of its Members, Partners or other stakeholders.ContentsForeword 3Executive summary 4Understanding place-based change 51 Community ownership and empowerment 72 Rigorous analytical approach 103 Purposeful and lasting partnerships 134 Sustainable and execution-oriented operating and governance models 17Conclusion 21Contributors 22Endnotes 24Closing Health Gaps through Collaborative Action2Nancy Brown Chief Executive Officer, American Heart InstituteForewordClosing Health Gaps through Collaborative ActionSeptember 2024Fundamentally, we all deserve long, fulfilling and healthy lives – regardless of race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, disability, age or location. Over the past century, we have made extraordinary advances towards this goal. Global life expectancy has risen from 46.5 years in 1950 to 71.7 years in 2022, thanks to improved access to services and technological advances.1 However, if we examine this data more closely, stark differences emerge. Health inequities – avoidable differences in health between populations – exist between and within countries.2 In 2021, Nigeria’s life expectancy was 30 years lower than Japan’s.3 These differences are even more striking at a community level. In Boston for instance, average life expectancy shrinks by nearly a quarter of a century between neighbourhoods just two miles apart.4These health inequities are not caused by one single issue, but by a complex mix of environmental, economic and social factors. In fact, up to 80% of individual health outcomes stem from the non-medical drivers of health, many of which are influenced by the place where an individual lives.5 For instance, South Korean women are projected to have a life expectancy exceeding 90 years by 2030, thanks in part to the country’s egalitarian distribution of services that make for healthy living conditions.6 Similar patterns are evident in the “Blue Zones” – communities with large numbers of centenarians – where the environment and resources allow individuals to live actively, develop social connections, eat nutritious diets and have a positive outlook.7 Unfortunately, many communities are not afforded the sa