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ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANKASIA–PACIFIC CLIMATE REPORT 2025UNLOCKING NATURE FOR DEVELOPMENTASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANKASIA–PACIFIC CLIMATE REPORT 2025UNLOCKING NATURE FOR DEVELOPMENT Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO)© 2025 Asian Development Bank6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, PhilippinesTel +63 2 8632 4444; Fax +63 2 8636 2444www.adb.orgSome rights reserved. Published in 2025. ISBN 978-92-9277-500-1 (print); 978-92-9277-501-8 (PDF); 978-92-9277-502-5 (e-book)Publication Stock No. SGP250445-3DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/SGP250445-3 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.This publication is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/. By using the content of this publication, you agree to be bound by the terms of this license. For attribution, translations, adaptations, and permissions, please read the provisions and terms of use at https://www.adb.org/terms-use#openaccess.This CC license does not apply to non-ADB copyright materials in this publication. If the material is attributed to another source, please contact the copyright owner or publisher of that source for permission to reproduce it. ADB cannot be held liable for any claims that arise as a result of your use of the material.Please contact pubsmarketing@adb.org if you have questions or comments with respect to content, or if you wish to obtain copyright permission for your intended use that does not fall within these terms, or for permission to use the ADB logo.Corrigenda to ADB publications may be found at http://www.adb.org/publications/corrigenda.Notes: In this publication, “$” refers to United States dollars. ADB recognizes “China” as the People’s Republic of China, “Korea” as the Republic of Korea, and “Vietnam” as Viet Nam. ADB placed on hold its regular assistance to Afghanistan effective 15 August 2021. Effective 1 February 2021, ADB placed a temporary hold on sovereign project disbursements and new contracts in Myanmar.Cover design by Joe Mark Ganaban.  Printed on recycled paperCONTENTSTable, Figures, and Boxes vForeword viAcknowledgments viiiDefinitions xAbbreviations xiHighlights xiiExecutive Summary xiv1. Nature as a Core Economic Asset 11.1 Role of