国际能源署-整合太阳能和风能-全球经验和新出现的挑战（英）

Integrating Solar and WindGlobal experience and emerging challengesThe IEA examines the full spectrum of energy issues including oil, gas and coal supply and demand, renewable energy technologies, electricity markets, energy efficiency, access to energy, demand side management and much more. Through its work, the IEA advocates policies that will enhance the reliability, affordability and sustainability of energy in its 31 member countries, 13 association countries and beyond.This publication and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area.Source: IEA. International Energy Agency Website: www.iea.orgIEA member countries: AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIrelandItalyJapanKoreaLithuaniaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSpainSwedenSwitzerlandRepublic of TürkiyeUnited KingdomUnited StatesThe European Commission also participates in the work of the IEAIEA association countries:Argentina BrazilChinaEgyptIndiaIndonesiaKenyaMoroccoSenegalSingapore South Africa Thailand UkraineINTERNATIONAL ENERGYAGENCYIntegrating Solar and Wind Abstract Global experience and emerging challenges PAGE | 3 I EA. CC BY 4.0. Abstract Solar photovoltaics (PV) and wind power have been growing at an accelerated pace, more than doubling in installed capacity and nearly doubling their share of global electricity generation from 2018 to 2023. This report underscores the urgent need for timely integration of solar PV and wind capacity to achieve global decarbonisation goals, as these technologies are projected to contribute significantly to meet growing demands for electricity by 2030. However, should countries fail to implement integration measures in line with a scenario where they achieve their climate and energy pledges, the global power sector could jeopardise up to 15% of solar PV and wind energy or variable renewable energy (VRE) generation in 2030. If this gap is compensated for with continued reliance on fossil fuels, it could lead to significantly less CO2 emissions reductions. A key aspect of this report is a first-ever global stocktake of VRE integration measures across 50 power systems, which account for nearly 90% of global solar PV and wind power generation. This analysis identifies proven measures for facilitating VRE integration, particularly in systems at early phases of adoption. This report also updates IEA's phases of VRE integration framework to reflect emerging challenges at higher levels of VRE penetration and provides an overview of solutions to address them that are already beginning to be implemented in several countries. This report emphasises that while systems at early phases of VRE integration can accelerate deployment with relatively low system impact, those in high phases face more complex