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U N I T E D N A T I O N S C O N F E R E N C E O N T R A D E A N D D E V E L O P M E N T2023REVIEWOF MARITIME TRANSPORTTowards a green and just transitionAdvance copy2023REVIEWOF MARITIME TRANSPORTTowards a green and just transitionGeneva, 2023U N I T E D N A T I O N S C O N F E R E N C E O N T R A D E A N D D E V E L O P M E N TREVIEW OF MARITIME TRANSPORT 2023ii© 2023, United NationsAll rights reserved worldwideRequests to reproduce excerpts or to photocopy should be addressed to the Copyright Clearance Center at copyright.com.All other queries on rights and licences, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to: United Nations Publications405 East 42nd StreetNew York, New York 10017United States of AmericaEmail: publications@un.orgWebsite: https://shop.un.org/ The designations employed and the presentation of material on any map in this work do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Mention of any firm or licensed process does not imply the endorsement of the United Nations. This publication has been edited externally.United Nations publication issued by the United Nations Conference on Trade and DevelopmentUNCTAD/RMT/2023ISBN: 978-92-1-002886-8 eISBN: 978-92-1-358456-9ISSN: 0566-7682eISSN: 2225-3459 Sales No. E.23.II.D.23REVIEW OF MARITIME TRANSPORT 2023iiiACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe Review of Maritime Transport 2023 was prepared by UNCTAD under the overall guidance of Shamika N. Sirimanne, Director of the Division on Technology and Logistics of UNCTAD, and under the coordination of Jan Hoffmann, Head of the Trade Logistics Branch, Division on Technology and Logistics. Regina Asariotis, Mark Assaf, Celine Bacrot, Hassiba Benamara, Poul Hansen, Jan Hoffmann, Tomasz Kulaga, Anila Premti, Luisa Rodríguez and Frida Youssef co-authored the report.The report benefitted from substantive contributions by officials from the regional commissions of the United Nations (ECA, ECE, ECLAC, ESCAP, and ESCWA), the TrainForTrade Port Management Programme partners (Port of Antwerp-Bruges, Port of Las Palmas, Port Authority of Valencia) and other partners. Input was provided by Adel Alghaberi, Eliana Barleta, Frida Basok, Juan Manuel Díez Orejas, Mohamad Fakhreddin, Alejandro Garcia Macias, Nadia Hasham, Azhar Jaimurzina Ducrest, Sooyeob Kim, Robert Tama Lisinge, Magec Montesdeoca, Miryam Saade Hazin, Antonella Teodoro, Joachim Verheyen and Lukasz Wyrowski. Comments and suggestions from the following peer reviewers are gratefully acknowledged: Niklas Bengtsson, Börje Berneblad, Mattijs Bosch, Camille Bourgeon, Christoph Bruns, Santi Casciano, Neil Davidson, Juan Manuel Díez Orejas,  Mahin Faghfouri, Hercules Haralambides, Syed Hashim Abbas, Martin Humphreys,  Morten Ingebrigtsen, Haiying Jia, Ana Laranjeira, John Manners-Bell, Turloch Mooney, Christopher